'Blue Lipstick: Concrete Poems' by John Grandits (LS 5663)

Grandits, John. 2007. Blue Lipstick: Concrete Poems. New York: Clarion Books.

ISBN: 978-0-618-56860-3

Cover image from
Scholastic.com

The poetry in Blue Lipstick doesn't wait to start on the pages of the book.  The first poem appears on the cover, the words winding their way around the four edges, creating the frame of a mirror.  Appropriately enough, the title of the book appears to have been scrawled on the mirror in the eponymous blue lipstick, along with a lip print, made with the same blue lipstick.  What John Grandits creates on the following pages amounts to a series of vignettes in the life of fourteen year old Jessie.  The poems either relate events in Jessie's life (like when she tries to dye her hair blue in "Bad Hair Day") or wry observations about how well adults talk versus how well they actually listen to her responses ("Grownups: Talking A+, Listening D-").  Over the course of a school year, we can see Jessie's attitudes about cheerleaders (certain ones, anyway), her younger brother, and even the world around her gradually change.

Detail of "Purr Verse"
Photo by: L. Propes

Concrete poetry, or shape poetry, uses the arrangement of words on the page to convey meaning, mood, or rhythm.  Grandits uses the words to create visual images that represent the theme, subject matter, or action of each poem.  In "Volleyball Practice", Grandits uses the trajectory of a volleyball as it's passed from one player to another.  The lines of poetry in "Purr Verse" represent the sound waves of purrs emanating from Boo-Boo Kitty's head (Jessie's cat).  As a cat owner, erm...  cat minion... who lives with an "insta-purr" kitty, it's a pretty accurate representation.  In "Grownups Talking..." the words create the outlines of the heads of the people speaking in the poem.  The words run one into another, just the way adults can sometimes talk with teenagers, speaking without pausing to hear the answer from the teenager.  Grandits writes/draws Jessie's responses to the three adults in the poems.  They're short, almost exasperated responses, as if Jessie knows the adults aren't paying attention.  What's even more fun about this particular poem, is the way Grandits chose to draw Jessie's portion of the poem.  The lines shoot from her head, like Jessie's hair is standing on end in irritation.  Frankly, who can't relate to that, regardless of your age?

A grown up in "Grownups Talking..."
Photo by: L. Propes

The most "traditional" of the poems is a series of haiku titled "Poems Inspired by the Free Perfume Samples at Carson's," written as an assignment for Jessie's English class.  The assignment description reads, "Totally Lame English Assignment #19: Create a series of four to six haiku centred on a single theme" (Grandits 2007, 28).  The haiku are written inside a series of perfume bottles, descriptions of the scent inside.  They feature the aroma of the school bus driver, the lunchroom, and the girls' bathroom, among others.  Sometimes, the poems are written in a more traditional linear format.  Sometimes Grandits places the poem inside a picture ("Zombie Jocks") or uses words to create a picture of the concept or theme of the poem ("Pep Rally").  One of the more striking poems,  two actually, sort of serve as bookends to the book ("The Wall" and "The Wall (Revisited)").  Both feature a brick wall, with the people and things Jessie likes, loves, or tolerates on one side, with the things she passionately dislikes on the other.  In the beginning of the book, the wall his quite high, with relatively few things on the "like" side of it.  By the end of the book, Jessie has started to tear down the wall a bit, and many more people and things appear on the "like" side.

A grown up in "Grownups Talking..."
Photo by: L. Propes

Grandits employs just the right amount of adjectives to capture the exasperation, awe, playfulness, bafflement, and the other emotions Jessie feels.  Which is to say, that Grandits doesn't overdo it.  It's just enough to evoke the image of what Grandits would like to convey.  When Jessie describes her little cousin, Natalie, all Grandits (2007) has to say is that she has "the latest toys and the fanciest clothes" and the reader can see the new, educationally appropriate toys while wearing something loaded with status labels, straight out of a Pottery Barn catalog (21).  He doesn't use a great deal of figurative language, which is appropriate for Jessie's voice.  This is a person, after all, who alliteratively describes the regurgitated remains of a poem she wrote for Boo-Boo Kitty as a "Friskies-and-poetry pile of cat puke" (Grandits 2007, 37).

Jessie in "Grownups Talking..."
Photo by: L. Propes

The poems are often hilariously funny, wryly unsentimental, and sharply observant.  I laughed out loud at least once nearly every poem.  Most of the poetry topics are issues faced by girls (and some boys) every single day of high school.  We've all tried to impress someone and been unsuccessful.  We've all had a disastrous hair event.  If we don't have pesky little siblings, we are the pesky little sibling.  The poems are imminently relatable and beyond engaging.

The format of the book falls between a picture book and a verse novella.  It's a bit too long to be a verse picture book, although the illustrations and concrete poems certainly give it a picture book vibe.  It's not quite long enough to be a verse novel, or even a novella.  Ultimately, it's a very nice, thoughtful collection of poems from the point-of-view of a young lady over the course of several months.  The colors of the illustrations are mostly grey, blue, black, and white.  This doesn't detract from the overall quality of the illustrations and poetry.  Limiting the color palette draws the focus to the actual poetry.

There is a table of contents of sorts on the back cover.  It helps, sort of, but not very much, because there are no page numbers.  Grandits does include one really fascinating feature.  The last page of the book informs the reader what kind of software he used to create the poems and has a list of all the different fonts, which to be frank, is quite poetic on its own.  It might make an interesting exercise to try to create poetry using font names! Jiggery Pokery.  Werkstatt Engraved.  Uncle Stinky (really!).  Sloppy Joe.  It's almost like a DIY Magnetic Poetry Kit.

I would absolutely recommend this book to anyone looking to add more poetry to their library or classroom collection.

Photo of "Volleyball Practice"
Photo by: L. Propes

Detail of "Volleyball Practice"
Photo by: L. Propes

*********************************************************************************

Spotlight on...

"The Bowling Party"

The volleyball team went bowling.

Photo of "The Bowling Party"
Photo by: L. Propes

I'd never bowled before, but how tough could it be?
Well... I had 15 gutter balls.
Hard to believe, yet true.

My most successful shot
turned out to be one
that started off going straight
but then faded left
and knocked over only the 7 pin.
I did that three times.

One frame I just pushed the ball down the alley
It was looking good,
but it was moving so-o-o-o slowly,
it knocked over only the 1 pin
and then rolled into the gutter.

Another time I stumbled,
the ball bounced over the gutter,
and I got a strike in the WRONG lane!
The automatic scoreboard gave the other team the points.

My total score was 4.
The next lowest was 40!
But then LaShondra said,
"You'll do better next game."
and the other team bought me a Coke.
and I just had to laugh.
Maybe if I work at it,
I can bring my average up to 7.

*********************************************************************************
Concrete poetry can be fun for students of any age.  It doesn't have to be "artistic" or "pretty", and Grandits creates what looks like doodles and stick figures with his poetry.  After reading the poem and displaying it to the students, they can do what Jessie does and describe an event, like a family party or sports event from school, in concrete poetry.  Students can use any art form they choose to create the poem, including collage and typed words that they print and literally cut and paste.

If students cannot think of an event, they may use a subject or topic from one of their classes -- describing how they dissected a frog in science for example in the shape of a frog.

*********************************************************************************
Works Cited

Grandits, John. 2007. Blue Lipstick: Concrete Poems. New York: Clarion Books.

'What My Mother Doesn't Know' by Sonya Sones (LS 5663)

Sones, Sonya. 2001. What My Mother Doesn't Know. NewYork: Simon & Schuster.

ISBN: 978-0-689-84114-9

Cover image from
www.simonandschuster.ca

The back cover of Sonya Sones' What My Mother Doesn't Know practically blares, "One of the top 100 most banned books of the decade!"  So, needless to say, I was expecting something much more scandalous, or at the very least on the same level of unflinching detail as many of Judy Blume's novels.  What lies between the covers is the diary of an average fifteen-year-old girl that is far tamer than say, Blume's Forever or Deanie.  However, Sophie Stein, the protagonist, isn't vastly different from any other teenage girl.  She dates the seemingly perfect guy, finds out the inside of the package isn't nearly as attractive as the outside, breaks up, and then briefly considers dating someone she talks to online, but thankfully quickly discovers his true colors.  Sophie also has to deal with her parents' crumbling marriage, her rapidly changing body (thanks, puberty!), and her inexplicable feelings for Murphy, the geeky, awkward kid in class who's the butt of everyone's jokes. Mostly the novel traces the Sophie's growing maturity, as she learns to value people for who they are, rather than how they appear.

Sophie often feels alienated from her parents, something she relates in several separate poems.  Two entire poems deal with Sophie's feelings about her mother.  "Everyday When I Get Home From School" and "Her Soaps" discuss how Sophie's mother invests more emotional energy in the characters in a soap opera as opposed to her own family.  Sophie relates how when she got her first period, her mother just handed her the necessary supplies and left the room, "leaving [Sophie] with a box full of questions" (Sones 2001, 48).  Sophie and her mother don't see eye-to-eye in regards to many things: dresses for school dances and how to deal with boys among others.  It culminates in a nasty disagreement between the two of them, which concludes with the beginnings of a rapprochement.  "Maybe Dad Loves Me" delves into Sophie's emotionally distant and disengaged father, who rarely demonstrates physical affection with either his wife or daughter.  Sophie mentions that her father does seem to be aware of how much their disengagement affects her, even if he's unsure of how to change things.  Her main sources of emotional support are best friends Grace and Rachel.

The novel consists of a series of free-verse poems that are written in a confessional sort of style.  Sophie gushes over Dylan, her first boyfriend, and his "surfer boy smile on his lips, / the wind tossing his blond curls" (Sones 2001, 39).  The poems show a reflective young lady, who's not unwilling to examine her relationships and come to a sometimes-painful conclusion.  One of the poems that best exemplifies this is "At the County Fair" where Sophie describes what she and Dylan like to do at the county fair in a series of there-line stanzas.  Sophie's wistful musings alternate so that their mutual likes are juxtaposed against one another.  She says,

If only

Dylan liked

Ferris wheels.

If only

I liked

roller coasters.

.........................

If only

Dylan liked

horse shows.

If only 

I liked

video arcades.

If only

I had come with Rachel and Grace

instead. (Sones 2001, 81)

The repetition of "if only" presents a tone of deliberation as Sophie realizes their differences aren't necessarily "cute" and this might signal the end of her relationship.  There's a sense of sadness and finality, especially in the last line, because it consists of a single word that neatly encapsulates the inevitability that the relationship will not last much longer.

Sones makes good use of spacing to signal a transition to the next thought in the poem or a pause in Sophie's thoughts.  Sometimes, Sones also changes the size of the font, generally to indicate a train of thought that Sophie doesn't want to admit to feeling.  Sones also uses, from time to time, the physical appearance of the poem to illustrate Sophie's state of mind.  In "I Wish" the poem is shaped in an inverted triangle, growing smaller and smaller until the poem reaches its conclusion.  It's a reflection of Sophie’s current frame of mind and desire to be a tiny, petite thing, which is at complete odds with her actual physical stature.  She also employs different types of font to depict other people's written communications with Sophie.  Emails or instant messages from Grace and Rachel are written in neat and tidy fonts, while the messages from Chaz, the boy Sophie chats with online, are an untidy scrawl.  A unique aspect of the poems is how Sones uses the titles.  For the most part, they serve a double purpose, not only as the title, but also often as the first line of the poem.  They blend seamlessly into the rest of the poem, so you don't notice that when you've read the title, you've also read the first line of the poem.

One of the most charming, but ultimately not verbally poetic, elements of the novel are the series of drawings that evoke Renoir's La Bal à Bougival in the lower right corner of the book that create a flip book that shows the couple in the painting dancing and kissing one another.  La Bal à Bougival is Sophie's favorite painting, and she often imagines herself in the role of the young woman in the painting.  

Sones' poems in What My Mother Doesn't Know don't necessarily share the same delicate artistry as say, Jacqueline Woodson's in Brown Girl Dreaming or Nikki Grimes' in Words with Wings, but the thoughts easily flow, and present a reluctant reader an opportunity to read a novel with a great deal of character development.  Sophie is a relatable figure to almost any teenage girl (or grown woman) who engages in a seemingly never-ending struggle to beat their hair into submission for special occasions or makes the mistake of assuming that one's outside appeal is directly proportional to their internal appeal.  As someone with more than a few years on Sophie, I can say we've all been there.  We've all gotten into silly fights with our mothers.  We've all engaged in teasing the class outcast, even when we knew it was wrong, because we didn't want to become the outcast ourselves.  We've been the victims of casual discrimination based on our ethnicity, religion, gender or sexuality.  Sophie's experiences as related in this book are all the more poignant, because they are so familiar.  So while the language doesn't leap off the page in figurative linguistic flights of fancy, it doesn't lessen the impact of the poems.

The book has no table of contents, not even a rudimentary one, and no index to the poems in the novel.  It can make it quite difficult to locate a particular poem, especially in 259 pages of poetry.  

If you have reluctant or struggling female readers, this might be a good book for them to read if you're asking them to do a book talk or book trailer.  It's a nice, breezy read that has a nice plot and loads of character development, especially with Sophie as she gradually matures over the course of the book

Sones published a follow up to What My Mother Doesn't Know titled What My Girlfriend Doesn't Know.

*********************************************************************************

Spotlight on...

"I Dreamt About That White Dove Last Night"

We were flying together

over the streets of Boston.

I had these strong white wings

that knew just what to do.  

And when I woke up just now.

I started thinking about how

lots of people come to Boston

on vacation all the time.  

So I decided to pretend

I'm one of them today,

and take myself on a vacation.

Only I won't have to leave town to do it.  (Sones 2001, 173)

*********************************************************************************

There are a lot of things we can take away from this poem, but I'm more interested in vacationing in your hometown aspect of it.  We never really think about what there is to do in our hometowns, do we?  I did my undergrad program with a young man from a Maryland suburb of Washington, D.C. who rarely went into the city to see the sights, as it were.  They were just there, part of the landscape.

Sophie's poem made me think about how hard it is for even me, a non-native, but resident of Vancouver, to think about all the city has to offer.  So this poem made me really think about touring your hometown.  For this assignment, after the poem as been read to the class, the students will create a travel brochure for a vacation in their hometown.  Things they have to consider are: location, transportation availability, and cost.  Will they have a car or use public transit?  How much will it cost to park the car?  Use transit?  Does transit even go there?  How long are travel times?  Where would you want to eat meals?  How much will those meals cost?  Can you eat on a budget?  How much does it cost to go to the local attractions?  Students need to include contact information and/or websites for restaurants and attractions.

*********************************************************************************

Works Cited

Sones, Sonya. 2001. What My Mother Doesn't Know. New York: Simon & Schuster.

"Words with Wings" by Nikki Grimes (LS 5663)

Grimes, Nikki. 2013. Words with Wings. Honsdale, PA: WordSong.

ISBN: 978-1-59078-985-8

Cover image
www.nikkigrimes.com

Nikki Grimes' verse novel Words with Wings follows Gabby over the course of several months in the wake of her parents' divorce.  The focus of the novel, however, does not lie in the immediate effects of the divorce, but in Gabby's rich imagination, and how she renders her mental imagery into words.  For Gabby, words aren't mere vehicles for basic communication, they give shape to her daydreams, which also often get her into trouble with her teacher and mother, who view Gabby as inattentive.  Words also serve as a refuge for Gabby, who uses them to shield herself from her parents' arguments and the inevitable teasing she receives at school.

There are two types of poems in this novel: the ones that create the narrative structure of the plot and the ones that demonstrate how Gabby's imagination takes flight when she hears certain words.  Grimes depicts the difference between theses two types of poems by a change in font.  Grimes also signals a switch in the type of poem by having Gabby engage the reader in a conversation.  Gabby says, "Say 'dragon' / and I raise my shield" or "Say 'roller coaster', / and I squeeze my eyes tight" at the beginning of each poem where she speaks about how the words inspire her (Grimes 2013, 60, 51).    It's a convention that Grimes employs for each and every inspirational poem, so even if the font were the same, it would be a clear signal to the reader that these poems have a different purpose than the narrative ones.  The publisher even used the different fonts in the table of contents, as well as offsetting one type from the other, so while it might not be immediately apparent why theses poems have been labelled differently,  it signals to the reader that there is something different about them.

Grimes utilizes several figurative language strategies in Words with Wings like personification, simile, and even something as simple as choosing specific adjectives to create the best picture possible.  Metaphor occurs with much less frequency, but Grimes (2013) uses it effectively in “Waterfall” in order to recreate the sound a waterfall makes as is cascades over the edge of a cliff, calling it “liquid thunder” (30).  Grimes also uses personification occasionally in the poems.  She uses it with good effect in “Camp Dreams” to illustrate how much Gabby’s mother’s refusal to consider sending her to summer camp stings.  Grimes (2013) writes that the word, “’No’ smacks me / in the ear”, which makes me wince just reading it (61).  Any kind of blow to the ear hurts.  A lot.  So for Grimes to choose that particular figurative language conveys to the reader how much it hurts Gabby.  Grimes is also adept at choosing exactly the right adjective.  While using the phrase “winter white” seems to be a no-brainer in a poem titled “Snowflake”, it helps establish an image of sparkling, crystalline snow that couldn’t be possible with any other qualifier (Grimes 2013, 29).   Simile is the most prominent figurative language strategy used by Grimes in Words with Wings.  She uses phrases like, “silent as a sunrise”, “blue as the ribbon of sky”, “jumpy as a cat”, and “the dark wraps around us / like Saturn’s rings” (Grimes 2013, 11, 18, 26, 63).  One could make the argument that Grimes uses simile so much in the poems because it’s much easier to grasp the concept, as opposed to other more abstract forms of figurative language.  Grimes allows the reader to directly compare two concrete objects.  This could help a younger or less sophisticated reader access the figurative language in the poetry. 

Grimes’ use of figurative language not only helps paint the pictures in Gabby’s mind, but the give the reader a glimpse of the emotional life of a sensitive, observant, and highly imaginative young lady.  When Gabby first uses the words that crowd her mind to block the noise of her parents’ arguments, Grimes deftly gives the reader a glimpse into how Gabby manages to learn to cope with her parents’ crumbling marriage.  She also uses the language to demonstrate how her classmates’ diffidence to the “Shy Girl / Who Lives /Inside Her Head” affect Gabby and how liberating it feels someone finally ‘gets’ her.  Students can also get inside the head of a quieter student, one they might overlook in a classroom situation.  If there’s a moral to the story, it’s that everybody has a different way of viewing the world.  Gabby divides the world into two different camps: “Dad is a dreamer / and Mom is a maker. / I’ve been thinking, / maybe / I can be / both” (Grimes 2013, 27).  The structure of the poem, by placing the word ‘maybe’ on its own line gives it an air of cautious hope that one doesn’t have to be a maker or a dreamer. 

The poems are appealing to a wide variety of readers.  Younger and older readers alike can appreciate the development of Gabby as she learns to harness her imagination and use it less as a refuge and more as a creative method of expression.  The poems are able to relate how Gabby savors words and how she views the world.  Mundane objects become something otherworldly in Gabby’s eyes and imaginative hands.  Grimes’ poetry is universally consistent from poem to poem.  Some poems stand out as having more emotional impact, but none stand out for having a lesser quality than others.  While the poems run the gamut from wistful and somber to content and hopeful and none descend into blatant over-sentimentality.  Grimes gives the reader an intimate view into Gabby’s life, and I found myself thinking of other verse novels, and wishing they had taken Grimes’ approach and focused on small group of characters, rather than a 1950s Hollywood cast of thousands.  I would highly recommend that any school or public library add this book to their collection.

Grimes received the 2006 NCTE Award for Excellence in Poetry for Children.  Words with Wings received a Coretta Scott King honor award in 2014 and was named one of 2014's Notable Children's Books, Middle Readers by the ALSC.  

*********************************************************************************

Spotlight on...

"Setting the Table"

I grab place mats
blue as the ribbon of sky
beyond my window
where pigeons invite me
outside to play.
But I've got a job to do,
so I shake my head no
and lay down
two knives and two forks.
When I fling a pair of napkins
toward the table,
one sails on the air
like a kite,
and I take off running
across the park,
chasing my crimson high flier
as it cuts across the blue
and -- Mom asks me why
it's taking so long
to set the table.
"Gabby! Snap out of it!" she says.
"I see you forgot the glasses.
Again." (Grimes 2013, 18)

*********************************************************************************
Grimes' poetry is rich with figurative language, so it makes a perfect vehicle to teach students about using figurative language.  After reading the poem a few times and displaying the text to the class, I would then ask them to pick out phrases that create pictures in their minds or describe everyday objects in a way that makes them more vivid that usual.  The class could then either draw the simile, metaphor, or other figurative language.  The artwork itself is not important, so students could choose to draw or use use old magazines or catalogs to cut out pictures and create a collage that illustrates the figurative language.

In the case of a simile, students would draw both parts of the simile on either side of an equal sign.  One one side of an equal sign, they could draw the blue place mats on the kitchen table, and on the other side, they would draw a close up of the window with its ribbon of blue sky.  Only after they learned to equate both objects in the simile, would the students learn to apply the term and the relevant structure.  They could then create their own similes and add them to a class bulletin board or blog/wikispace.

*********************************************************************************
Works Cited:

Grimes, Nikki. 2013. Words with Wings. Honsdale, PA: WordSong.

"The Earth Under Sky Bear's Feet" by Joseph Bruchac, Illustrated by Thomas Locker (LS 5663)

Bruchac, Joseph. 1995. The Earth Under Sky Bear's Feet: Native American Poems of the Land. Illustrated by Thomas Locker. New York: Paper Star.

ISBN: 978-0-698-11647-4

Photo of cover
by L. Propes

Joseph Bruchac is a prolific Abenaki writer and performer of Native American folklore and songs.  For this collection of poems, he explores how different Native American cultures of North American view and embrace the night.  The Earth Under Sky Bear's Feet is a companion volume to Bruchac's earlier book Thirteen Moons on Turtle's Back.  The twelve poems, introduced by a short prose piece, explore  what Sky Bear (also known as the Big Dipper) sees as she travels across the night sky.

Bruchac's poems were inspired by Mohawk and Abenaki tales and songs from his own childhood, as well as tales and songs from a range of indigenous cultures.  Some of the cultures reflected in this collection of poems range from the Inuit to the Pawnee and Lakota of the Great Planes to the Cochiti Pueblo, Pima, and Navajo of the Southwestern United States.  Some, like the poem "The Seven Mateinnu" are origin stories (European-based cultures might recognize the Seven Mateinnu as the Pleiades), while others like "A Summer Song" reflect the feelings of the Inuit as they celebrate the return of summer and the caribou, a staple of their survival.  Some poems are whimsical, some are romantic, and some pass down information about using the stars for navigation.  At first glance, it might seem as if Bruchac might have spread it a bit thin, by using so many Aboriginal cultures as source material.  On deeper reflection, each poem is a small gem about a particular facet of the night, and Bruchac manages to make arrange them into a cohesive timeline, beginning at twilight and ending at dawn.  Tying the poems together in a neat bow are Thomas Locker's vibrantly rich and layered oil paintings.  Each poem is illustrated with a painting that depicts part of the actions in the poem.  "Song to the Firefly" features young children chasing and catching the bright pinpoints of light of the fireflies against the velvety purple of the sky just after sunset.  In the poem "Wababanal: The Northern Lights", Locker chooses to highlight the shimmering greens and yellows of the aurora borealis, capturing their undulation across the winter night.  The paintings are far from simple, but by choosing to depict a single moment from the poem in the paintings, Locker is able to create a stunning image of a pivotal point in the poem itself.  One of the best examples of this is in "The Old Wolf's Song", where Locker has painted a manifestation of the lines: "At the break of day / I roam/ watching / I roam" where a wolf sings the secrets of his survival to the rising sun on the horizon (Bruchac 1995, 21).

The last four stanzas of
"The Old Wolf's Song"
Photo by: L. Propes

Bruchac employs figurative language to create images of things we might see once the sun sets.  In "Song to the Firefly", he calls them "small white-fire being" (Bruchac 1995, 5).  He repeats the phrase multiple times in the poem, and it mimics the twinkling of fireflies.  In "Wababanal: The Northern Lights" Bruchac (1995) personifies the aurora borealis by turning the lights into "people [wearing] rainbows as belts. / They had lights on their heads and played with a ball made of light" (11).  Another instance of personification Bruchac uses appears in "Mouse's Bragging Song" as a means to explore the amusing bravado in a mouse family who emerges once the sun sets to a world where they believe they are the only ones on earth.  Figurative language in the poems is not always straightforward, but it tends to occur organically, especially in the origin poems.  In "The Trail of the Piñon Gatherers" Bruchac (1995)  calls the stars the Chumash people use to navigate "a cord made of goose down" to evoke the image of something light and fluffy that scatters easily.  There are times when Bruchac uses repetition to create moods in the poems.  "The Old Wolf's Song" repeats the phrase "I roam" to close each stanza (Bruchac 1995, 21).  This can represent the constant movement of the wolf.  Bruchac also structures the poem to represent the wolf's movement.  Bruchac indents the last three lines of each stanza to elicit the wolf's movement across the prairie.  Each of the three lines is indented just a bit more than the one above so the lines literally run across the page.  When Bruchac begins a new stanza, he starts at the beginning so to speak, and the structure literally reflects the means the wolf uses to endure another day.  Repetition also gives the poem "Dawn House Song" a prayerful quality.  The last stanza reminds me of the Birkot Ha'Shahar, one of the morning prayers in Judaism, which also repeats a single phrase over and over, just as "Dawn House Song" does.

Before me, may it be beautiful.
Behind me, may it be beautiful.
Around me, may it be beautiful.
Below me, may it be beautiful.
Above me, may it be beautiful.
All around me, may it be beautiful.
Within me may it be beautiful. (Bruchac 1995, 23)

With the repetition, Bruchac is able to gradually bring the beauty of the dawn from the environment around the narrator of the poem to a place inside where they can carry it with them.

From the poem
"The Scattered Stars"
Photo by: L. Propes

The poems might not appeal to young children, although the ones that delve into the origins of constellations would pair nicely with other poems about space and the way other cultures depict the origins of the stars.  The K-12 school curriculum in British Columbia is currently undergoing a revision where Aboriginal content is integrated into the regular curriculum, and this book of poems, along with Thirteen Moons on Turtle's Back, could find a place in science classes studying astronomy or English classes studying poetry or folklore.  The poems should appeal to older students.  They expose students to cultures and their literature that are not routinely taught in schools.  Even with younger students, the language and ideas Bruchac uses in his poems is not so advanced that they won't be able to grasp the meaning.  This isn't to say that the language is simplistic.  The descriptive language helps bring the poems alive, and younger children can learn how to choose just the right words to create an image.  The poems are of good quality, and the images they create, more than the words themselves are what sticks with you.

Unfortunately, there are no access features in the book.  There aren't even page numbers.  Both of these things combine to create difficulty in locating a particular poem, forcing the reader to leaf through the book until you find the right one.  The layout does aid the reader in locating the poems.  Each poem is featured on a two-page spread, with the poem printed on half of the left page and the remaining pages covered with Locket's gorgeous artwork.  Bruchac does provide a bibliography of the songs and tales he used to create the poems, so readers can go to the source material and compare it to Bruchac's poems.

*********************************************************************************
Spotlight on...

"Sky Bear"

Long ago,
three hunters and their little dog
found the tracks of a giant bear.
They followed those tracks all through the day
...........................................................................
That bear was Sky Bear,
running on through the stars.
Look up now
and you will see her,
circling the sky. (Bruchac 1995, 3)

*********************************************************************************

A section of the painting from
the poem "Song to the Firefly"
Photo by: L. Propes

I would use this poem in one of two ways.  The first lesson would be in a science class to introduce astronomy and how different cultures viewed the stars.  I would ask the students to consider the characteristics of the constellation we know as the Big Dipper and why Aboriginal cultures would choose to describe it as a constellation that continuously watches over the events on Earth.  The next way I could use this particular poem is in an English class.  After reading the poem, students will compare and contrast Aboriginal folk tales and legends with another culture's, much in the way students compare Greek and Roman legends and myths to Egyptian or Norse myths.

*********************************************************************************
Works Cited

Bruchac, Joseph. 1995. The Earth Under Sky Bear's Feet: Native American Poems of the Land.
     Illustrated by Thomas Locker. New York: Paper Star.